Okay, random info-dump based on something I saw in the chat...
A lot of people have trouble with how other countries are, for want of a better word, structured.
Canada is divided into ten provinces and three territories. If you're American, think of provinces as states. Territories are like that, but... much smaller population, and their internal government works a little differently (I'm ashamed to say I don't know differently how). Canada's parliament consists of the Senate, whose power is mostly ceremonial-- rubber-stamping things the House has agreed on-- and who are appointed until they die or retire, by the Prime Minister, whenever there's an open spot; and the House of Commons, which is where stuff happens. The people in the House of Commons are MPs-- Members of Parliament-- and they're elected based on population. That is, the country is divided into "ridings" of approximately equal population (though each of the territories consists of only one riding), and people vote for a candidate running in their riding for the party they want, who will represent them (this means that sometimes, though not often, people will vote for someone from a party they don't usually support, because
that specific person is someone whom they want to represent them).
The leader of whichever party forms the government is the Prime Minister. While the Prime Minister is the head of the government, he is
not the head of state. Canada is a constitutional monarchy; our head of state is our Queen. Her name is Elizabeth. Members of the UK may recognize her, since she's their queen, too. However, she is
not queen of Canada in her capacity as Queen of England; that is, if the UK abolished the monarchy today, she would
still be Queen of Canada. Since she doesn't live here (obviously), the Queen is represented by the Governor General, who is appointed for a term by recommendation of the Prime Minister, and rubber-stamped by the Queen. The Governor General, while technically the acting Head of State, has only had any real influence over Canadian policy/politics twice in the history of Canada (one of those times in very recent years).
Each province has its own provincial government, composed of MPPs-- Members of Provincial Parliament. The leader of provincial parliament is the premier-- the provincial equivalent of the Prime Minister-- and each province has a Lieutenant Governor, a provincial equivalent of the Governor General.
One more thing worth mentioning-- a note on minority governments. Because Canada has not two but (depending on how you count it) either three or five major parties, very frequently no party can win a majority of seats in the House. There are 308 seats in the House of Commons, which means that if a party wins 155 of them, that party is the uncontested party in power. However, more often, no party has that many seats. Instead, the party with the plurality of seats-- that is, the party with more seats than any other-- forms the government, but it is a minority government, because the governing party holds a minority of seats compared to the other parties combined. This means that in order to pass any motions, the party in power must appease factions of the other parties, or be blocked at every turn, achieving nothing, and resulting in a vote of no confidence (which, if successful, would mean a new election). Theoretically, in a minority government situation, the opposition parties could form a coalition with a majority of seats and ask the Governor General to allow them to form the government instead; in practice, I can only think of two notable coalitions in Canada-- one had nothing to do with minority governments and was in fact back in the days when Canada had only two major parties (the coalition was formed during the Great War over the question of conscription), and the other was that time in recent years when the Governor General had actual sway over Canadian politics-- and in that case, she actually
refused to allow them to form a government, instead acceding to the Prime Minister's request that she prorogue (postpone for a few months) Parliament. I'll say no more about this because of Rule 6.
...And that is probably more than you have ever wanted to know about how Canada works. Laconic: It's not the Queen of Britain we have on all our money. It's the Queen of Canada.
